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A. Alcohols without any hydroxyl group.

B. Ketones containing two hydroxyl groups.

C. Alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups.

D. Aldehydes containing two hydroxyl groups.

Glycols are polyalcohols, usually containing two hydroxyl groups. These are saturated compounds, the simplest being ethylene glycol, CO2OHCH2OH. The suffix -ol should remind you that we are dealing with alcohols.

A. Ethanol.

B. Methanol.

C. Glycerine.

D. Sodium hydroxide.

Alcohols are organic compounds in which the hydroxyl group has been substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. ROH is the general formula for alcohols. Methanol, ethanol, and glycerine are all alcohols. Glycerine is an alcohol, even though it has three hydroxyl groups. In fact glycerine is a polyalcohol. Sodium hydroxide is a base and not an alcohol.

A. Amides.

B. Amines.

C. Esters.

D. Azides.

RCONH₂ are amides.

A. Ethane and ethanol.

B. Methanol and methanal.

C. 1-propanol and 2-propanol.

D. Methanoic acid and ethanoic acid.

By definition isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Choice 3 compounds have the same molecular formula but the -OH group is located on the first or second carbon atoms. The other choices do not have the same molecular formulas.

A. faster because organic particles are ions.

B. slower because organic particles are ions.

C. slower because organic particles contain covalent bonds.

D. faster because organic particles contain covalent bonds.

Most organic compounds have covalent bonds so eliminate choices 1 and 2. Covalent or shared bonds are hard to break so many organic reactions proceed slowly.

A. sp

B. sp₂

C. sp₃

D. sp₄

Carbon forms 2 sp hybrid orbitals in acetylene enabling itself to bind to two hydrogen atoms in a sigma bond.

A. Optically inactive reactants yields optically active products.

B. Optically inactive reactants yield optically inactive products.

C. Optically active products are the result of optically inactive reactants.

D. The preparation of dissymmetric compounds from symmetric reactants yields no racemic modification.

Organic molecules are such that reactants must be optically active in order for the products to be optically active. The converse, that is, the relation between inactive reactants and inactive products, is also correct. However, the products of optically active reactants may not show such activity, and this is due to racemic modification of the isomers.

A. Glycine.

B. Tyrosine.

C. Arginine.

D. Methionine.

Amino acids have the general formula RCHNH₂COOH. The amino acid with the simplest structure is NH₂CH₂COOH, or glycine.

A. Glucose.

B. Dextran.

C. Cellulose.

D. Glyceryl stearate.

Glyceryl stearate is a fatty acid and not a carbohydrate. Unlike the others it is neither a moncaccharide (glucose) or a polysaccharide (dextran and cellulose).

A. Carbon-12.

B. Carbon-14.

C. Uranium-235.

D. Uranium-238.

Carbon is found in all organic compounds so eliminate answers C and D. Which isotope of carbon is radioactive? Carbon-14. Carbon-14 is also used to date fossils.

A. Ethane.

B. Ethene.

C. Ethyne.

D. Ethanol.

By definition saturated hydrocarbons share a single pair of electrons (single bond). The hydrocarbon series -ane has a single bond. (-ene has a double bond; -yne has a triple bond; and alcohols have one -OH group at the end of a hydrocarbon).

A. methane.

B. ammonia.

C. methanol.

D. aluminum.

Elements cannot be decomposed into simpler substances because an element by definition is one kind of substance, one kind of atom. The other choices are compounds--composed of two or more elements.

A. Acids.

B. Ethers.

C. Esters.

D. Alcohols.

Alcohols by definition have the --OH group covalently bonded to the end of a hydrocarbon (R ). organic acids have the formula R --COOH; esters have the formula R₁--COOH--R₂; ethers have the formula R₁--O--R₂.

A. Pi bond.

B. Alpha bond.

C. Double bond.

D. None of the above.

Alkenes have double bonds that are made up of one pi bond and one sigma bond. In organic chemistry there is no alpha bonds.

A. The dissolving of only salt B was exothermic.

B. The dissolving of only salt A was endothermic.

C. The dissolving of both salt A and salt B was endothermic.

D. The dissolving of salt A was exothermic and the dissolving of salt B was endothermic.

First eliminate answer 3: temp. of salt A increased and temp. of salt B decreased. Both salts did not react the same way.
Exothermic reactions give off heat--this causes temperatures to rise.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat--this causes temperatures to fall.
The temperature of salt A increased (exothermic reaction) while the temperature of salt B decreased (endothermic reaction).

A. to an alkene.

B. directly to a cyclic alkane.

C. directly to an aromatic ring.

D. to a side chain of aromatic ring.

Aryl halides are compounds in which the halogens are attached directly to the aromatic ring. Alkyl halides are not only the saturated form of the halogen-containing compounds, for they also compose the substituted alkyl group, for example, vinyl chloride.

A. Organic compounds can exist as isomers.

B. Organic compounds are usually soluble in organic solvents.

C. Organic compounds decompose at relatively lower temperatures than inorganic compounds.

D. Reactions involving organic compounds always proceed faster than those involving inorganic compounds.

It is important to understand the chemical and physical properties of organic and inorganic compounds as well as their chemical behaviors. Organic compounds exist as isomers. They decompose when heating at lower temperatures. They are also soluble in other organic solvents. Organic compounds, however, do not react with each other faster than inorganic compounds.

A. Acid.

B. Base.

C. Sugar.

D. Enzyme.

An enzyme usually has the suffix -ase.

A. Vodka.

B. 95% alcohol.

C. Water-free alcohol.

D. A mixture of 50 parts of alcohol to water.

100% alcohol (or 200 proof alcohol) or water-free alcohol is absolute alcohol. Absolute alcohol absorbs various amounts of water from the atmosphere and must be stored accordingly. Absolute is a type of vodka but that is a name brand and has little to do with chemistry.

A. water.

B. oxygen.

C. carbon dioxide.

D. sulfur dioxide.

By definition fermentation is the conversion of sugar by yeast enzymes (without oxygen) into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This happens in wine and when cider turns "hard.

A. arranged in a straight-chain sequence.

B. saturated compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.

C. formed from sp₃ hybrid orbitals.

D. of the general formula C_nH_2n.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only hydrogen and carbon. Alkanes are usually straight chained compounds. The carbon atom utilizes four sp₂ hybrid orbitals that forms a tetrahedral arrangement. Each bond angle is 109.5 degrees, and the general formula is C_n H_{2n + 2}.

A. Electrolytes only.

B. Nonelectrolytes only.

C. The total number of particles present in solution.

D. None of the above.

Osmotic activity is a function of the total number of particles present in a given solution. These particles can be electrolytes or nonelectrolytes. Electrolytes usually will dissociate into their component ions increasing the number of particles in a solution.

A. sp orbitals.

B. sp₁ orbitals.

C. sp₂ orbitals.

D. sp₃ orbitals.

Ammonia has the formula NH₃. Nitrogen uses four sp₃ orbitals in forming this molecule; they are directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron, with one orbital containing a pair of electrons. The other three each contain a single electron.

A. Glucose is a reducing sugar.

B. Sucrose is a reducing sugar.

C. Glucose is a monosaccharide.

D. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars.

All monosaccharides are reducing sugars, that is, they reduce Tollen's or Fehling's reagent. These monosaccharides can be aldo or keto sugars. Glucose is a monosaccharide and hence a reducing sugar. Most disaccharides are reducing sugars as well. Even though sucrose is a disaccharide, it does not reduce Tollen's or Fehling's solution.

A. Benzene.

B. Anthracene.

C. Naphthalene.

D. Phenanthrene.

The simplest member of the fused-ring hydrocarbon family is naphthalene, which has two benzene rings.

A. Carbon.

B. Oxygen.

C. Nitrogen.

D. Phosphorous.

In general, organic molecules contain carbon and organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.

A. CH₃OH.

B. CH₃OCH₃.

C. CH₃COOH.

D. CH₃COOCH₃.

CH₃COOH is found almost in the center of the table. It does help to remember that organic acids end in COOH and alcohols have OH near the end of the word.

A. Starch and nylon.

B. Protein and nylon.

C. Protein and plastic.

D. Starch and cellulose.

Plastic and nylon are synthetic (made in a laboratory). Starch and cellulose are natural polymers (large molecules composed of chain(s) of smaller molecules.

A. Low melting point.

B. High melting point.

C. Soluble in polar solvents.

D. Insoluble in nonpolar solvents.

High melting points (450 degrees and higher) are characteristic of ionic compounds but organic compounds generally have low melting points. Wax and street tar melt in the summer heat; sugar melts and can burn on the kitchen stove. Wax, tar, and sugar are examples of organic compounds.

A. Changing the suffix from -ane to -ol.

B. Changing the suffix from -ante to -anoic.

C. Using the hydrocarbon name of the longest chain.

D. Designating the carboxyl carbon as carbon number 1.

An organic acid is usually identified by the longest hydrocarbon chain, with the carboxyl carbon as carbon number 1. It is not identified by changing the suffix from -ane to -ol would make it an alcohol and not an acid.

A. accept a proton.

B. donate a proton.

C. accept an electron.

D. donate an electron.

According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid is any species that can donate a proton to another species.

A. Rayon

B. Nylon

C. Orlon

D. Cellulose

Rayon, nylon, and Orlon are all synthetic fibers. Cellulose is a nonsynthetic fiber.

A. Ethers are more reactive than esters.

B. Amines are more reactive than amides.

C. Saturated carbons are more reactive than acyl carbon.

D. Acid chlorides are more reactive than alkyl chloride.

In chemical reactivity and nucleophilic displacement, nucleophilic substitution occurs more readily at an acyl carbon (ie., -RCO) than at a saturated carbon. Hence, a compound having a carbonyl group would be more prone to undergo nucleophilic substitution, for example, amides would be more prone than amines, acid chlorides more than alkyl chlorides, and esters more than ethers.

A. NO.

B. N₂O.

C. NO₂.

D. N₂O₃.

The oxidation number for Oxygen (O) is -2 and the oxidation number for Nitrogen (1) is +1. Since this is a compound, the oxidation numbers of the atoms in the compound must equal zero. In N₂O, note how N (2)( +1) or a +2 charge will cancel out the -2 charge of one oxygen ion.

A. R3N

B. RNH

C. RNH2

D. R2NH

Amines have the general formula RNH2. Primary amines have the formula RNH2, secondary amines have the formula R2NH, and tertiary amines have the formula R3N. RNH is an amine radical and lacks either an R group or a hydrogen atom.

A. KOH.

B. KCl.

C. CH3OH.

D. CH3COOH.

CH3COOH is an organic acid, acetic acid also called ethanoic acid. Choice A will yield the OH- ion in solution (this compound is therefore a base). Choice C is an alcohol. Salts are ionic compounds that do not form OH- or H+ ions. KCl forms K+ and Cl- ions. Therefore it is a salt.

A. Acid.

B. Ester.

C. Ketone.

D. Protein.

Proteins are composed of amino acids (monomers) joined into long chains.

A. Ethyl acetate.

B. Nitroglycerine.

C. Sodium formate.

D. Methyl salicylate.

RCOOR is the general formula for esters. Sodium formate (NaCOOH) is not an ester. It is the salt of an organic acid.

A. Amylose.

B. Maltose.

C. Sucrose.

D. Lactose.

Amylose is a water soluble fraction of starch, a polysaccharide. Maltose (malt sugar) will yield two molecules of glucose. Sucrose (cane sugar) will yield glucose and fructose, while lactose (milk sugar) will yield glucose and galactose.

A. No hydrogens attached to the alcohol carbon.

B. Only hydrogen attached to the alcohol carbon.

C. Three hydrogens attached to the alcohol carbon.

D. Only one hydrogen attached to the alcohol carbon.

A tertiary (30) alcohol has all of its alcohol carbon hydrogens substituted for other organic substituents.

A. many meiotic cell divisions.

B. many mitotic cell divisions.

C. one mitotic cell division, only.

D. one meiotic cell division, only.

A fertilized frog egg has already gone through the process of meiosis, in the formation of the egg and sperm that united to form it. Once this union forms during fertilization, the cell undergoes many mitotic cell divisions to grow into a frog.

A. Active transport.

B. Passive diffusion.

C. Facilitated diffusion.

D. None of the above.

Passive diffusion involves the transfer of a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without a carrier. Meanwhile, active transport and facilitated diffusion both require carriers that combine with the transported substance.

A. contain the diploid number of chromosomes.

B. develop directly from primary spermatocytes.

C. develop immediately after the first meiotic division.

D. develop immediately after the second meiotic division.

Spermatogonia (diploid) grows into primary spermatocytes (diploid) and then secondary spermatocytes (diploid) after the first meiotic division. Secondary spermatocytes become spermatids (haploid) after the second meiotic division.

A. Sodium influx into the cell.

B. Sodium efflux out of the cell.

C. Potassium influx into the cell.

D. Potassium efflux out of the cell.

A large sodium (NA+) influx into the cell will result in the resting potential (-50 mV) becoming more positive and thereby initiates the action potential. Potassium is already in very high concentration (~141 mEq/ liter) intracellularly and will not enter the cell.

A. scurvy

B. rickets

C. pellagra

D. beriberi

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a Vitamin C deficiency.

A. 13

B. 23

C. 46

D. 48

Humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their cells. Most species of animals and plants have chromosome numbers between 10-50.

A. Leukocytes contain hemoglobin.

B. Leukocytes are white blood cells.

C. Leukocytes move actively by amoeboid movements.

D. There are the same number of leukocytes as erythrocytes in plasma.

Only red blood cells carry hemoglobin, the substance responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

A. Starch, which is metabolized into less complex molecules by dehydration synthesis.

B. Protein, which is metabolized into less complex molecules by dehydration synthesis.

C. Glycerol, which is metabolized into more complex carbohydrates by dehydration synthesis.

D. Glucose, which is metabolized into more complex carbohydrates by dehydration synthesis.

Photosynthesis makes carbohydrates, of which starch and glucose are examples. However, glucose is a simple sugar made specifically by photosynthesis and is then combined with other glucose's to make starch by the process of dehydration synthesis. Starch doesn't get metabolized or broken down into less complex molecules by dehydration synthesis, but by hydrolysis.

A. causes increased production of hydrochloric acid.

B. regulates breathing rate by its effect on the medulla.

C. causes inflammation of the tissues of the bronchial tubes.

D. regulates gastric acid production by forming carbonic acid.

The medulla oblongata at the base of the brain increases breathing rate if the amount of carbon dioxide increases. It does not regulate breathing rate by checking oxygen content.

A. ecology.

B. embryology.

C. organic evolution.

D. spontaneous generation.

Organic means living. Evolution means change through time. Ecology is the study of organisms in their environment. Embryology is the study of developing organisms. Spontaneous generation is the theory that living things can arise from nonliving materials, and has since been disproved.

A. a stimulus.

B. an impulse.

C. a response.

D. an effector.

A stimulus is anything that causes a response. The tack was detected by a receptor in the students hand, impulses were sent from sensory neurons to interneurons in the students spinal cord, to motor neurons, which caused effectors in the students hand to contract the muscles, causing the movement. This is called a reflex. The impulse is the electrochemical charge that travels along the neurons, the response is the effect, or moving the hand, and the effector is the muscle or gland that causes the response.

A. Sweating.

B. Vasodilatation.

C. Increased metabolism.

D. Increased muscle tone.

Sweating, increased metabolism, and vasodilatation of the blood vessels help transfer body heat to the surrounding environment. Increased muscle tone does not significantly increase heat loss.

A. dominance.

B. segregation.

C. gene linkage.

D. crossing-over.

If two traits tend to be inherited together it is likely they are located close together on the same chromosomes. Therefore, when the sex cell undergoes meiosis, those traits migrate together to the mature sex cell used in fertilization.

A. Adenine, thymine, guanine, and uracil.

B. Adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine.

C. Adenine, thymine, uracil, and cytosine.

D. Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

Adenine joins with thymine and guanine joins with cytocine in DNA molecules. Uracil is a nitrogenous base found only in RNA nucleotides.

A. Neutrophils.

B. Plasma cells.

C. Thrombocytes.

D. Megakaryocytes.

Plasma cells, derived from lymphocytes, produce and secrete antibodies.

A. an increase in the sewage content of the lake.

B. a decrease in the amount of phosphates in the lake.

C. an increase in the amount of PCB pollution in the lake.

D. a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the lake.

Discharging hot water into a lake is called thermal pollution. Besides the effect on the living organisms, warm water holds less oxygen than cool water.

A. Blue.

B. Green.

C. Yellow.

D. Orange.

Plants reflect green color because that wavelength of light is least usable. Blue and red wavelengths of light are the best for photosynthesis, and are therefore seen the least in plants.

A. water.

B. starches.

C. nucleic acids.

D. carbon dioxide.

Starch is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucoses, which is what is released for energy. None of the other choices contain that energy.

A. Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.

B. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen.

C. Carbon, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus.

D. Carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, magnesium.

Although all of these elements are found in living cells, the most abundant are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (for carbohydrates and lipids) and nitrogen (for proteins and nucleic acids).

A. None.

B. 0.5 million.

C. 1 million.

D. 2 million.

A hybrid black-coated guinea pig has a genotype of Bb. During meiosis, 50% the resulting sperm cells will receive a B and the other 50% will receive a b.

A. rate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell.

B. concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane.

C. rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane.

D. concentration of water molecules inside and outside the cell.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane and is a passive process. Therefore, movement occurs due to a concentration gradient set up on either side of the membrane. If there is more water inside the cell than outside, water tends to move out.

A. Monocytes.

B. Lymphocytes.

C. Eosinophils.

D. Neutrophils.

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that are produced by lymphoid tissue. Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are white blood cells produced by the bone marrow along with red blood cells.

A. the production of identical twins.

B. increased variability in offspring.

C. the formation of polyploid offspring.

D. nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes.

The concept described in the question is crossing-over. It is one way that increases variety in offspring. It occurs during meiosis when the replicated homologous chromosomes are in close contact with each other during synapses.

A. Albumin.

B. Fibrinogen.

C. Hemoglobin.

D. Gammaglobulin.

Albumin (~5 g./100 ml. of plasma) is the plasma protein most responsible for the osmotic pressure.

A. a zygote is formed.

B. cleavage has occurred.

C. pollination has occurred.

D. a diploid nucleus is formed.

In plant sexual reproduction, pollination (the transfer of pollen to the stigma of the pistil) occurs before the pollen grain germinates (grows) down to the ovary where the ovule (egg cell) is found. Then when the pollen grain reaches the ovule, fertilization occurs.

A. Pepsin.

B. Insulin.

C. Lactase.

D. Trypsin.

Pepsin, trypsin, and lactase are enzymes necessary for the proper digestion of nutrients. Insulin is a hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by increasing glucose uptake and storage by the cells.

A. mutualism.

B. commensalism.

C. plant parasitism.

D. animal parasitism.

Both organisms benefit from this relationship, which is why it is called mutualism. The human gets vitamin K and the bacteria get a place to live. Commensalism is when one organism benefits and the other is not affected. Parasitism is when one organism benefits at the other organisms expense.

A. height temperatures increases the rate of mutations.

B. the environment influences wing phenotype in these fruit flies.

C. fruit flies with curly wings cannot survive at high temperatures.

D. wing length in these fruit flies is directly proportional to temperature.

The environment influences the expression of many genes. For example, identical twins, with identical DNA, may look different from each other because of the different environmental influences.

A. Thiamine.

B. Fructose.

C. Fatty acids.

D. Amino acids.

Bile salts are necessary for the proper digestion of fats. Bile salts emulsify fat globules and render the end products of fat digestion soluble for more efficient absorption.

A. transfer RNA

B. ribosomal RNA

C. messenger RNA

D. None of the above

Messenger RNA transfers genetic information from the nucleus by forming a complex with the ribosomes (composed largely of ribosomal RNA) of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm.

A. High altitude environment.

B. Low oxygen delivery to the tissues.

C. Increased erythropoietin production.

D. Increased carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.

Whereas decreased oxygen delivery to tissues (or a low blood oxygen concentration) will increase the number of red blood cells, increased carbon dioxide concentration will not. Changes in the number of red blood cells appear to be associated with changes in blood oxygen tension rather than in blood carbon dioxide tension.

A. Epinephrine.

B. Acetylcholine.

C. Norepinephrine.

D. Cholecystokinin.

Cholecystokinin is a hormone secreted by the intestinal mucosa that causes specific contraction of the gallbladder. Meanwhile, epinephrine is one of the neurotransmitters in the brain and both norepinephrine and acetylcholine are transmitter substances known to be secreted by the autonomic nerves innervating smooth muscle.

A. sense receptors.

B. hydrolytic enzymes.

C. a circulatory system.

D. a central nervous system.

A circulatory system contains three components: a fluid to transport materials, a pump to pump the fluid to all cells, and a network of vessels to carry the fluid. A central nervous system will control and coordinate the body, hydrolytic enzymes will break down complex food molecules in the digestive tract and sense receptors will detect stimuli.

A. No brain, fused ganglia, tympana.

B. No brain, nerve net, modified neurons.

C. Brain, fused ganglia, ventral nerve cord.

D. Brain, dorsal nerve cord, highly developed receptors.

Chordates are a group of animals such as fish, frogs, snakes, birds, dogs, monkeys and humans. We all have central nervous systems made up of a brain and a dorsal (back) nerve cord. We all have highly developed receptors to detect changes in the environment for us to respond to. Fused ganglia is a primitive brain found in earthworms, tympana are primitive ears found in grasshoppers, and nerve nets are branched nerves without direction found in the hydra.

A. A positive.

B. O negative.

C. O positive.

D. None of the above.

An individual with type A-negative blood can receive blood from A-negative or O-negative donors.

A. Crossing-over.

B. Natural selection.

C. Artificial selection.

D. Independent assortment.

If a farmer sees a plant or animal with exceptional characteristics, he or she may purposely breed that plant or animal with a similar one with similar characteristics to perpetuate those desirable traits. Natural selection is when the plant or animal breed without any intervention from humans.

A. Vacuole.

B. Nucleus.

C. Cell wall.

D. Centriole.

Animal cells contain centrioles, cylindrical organelles that direct the movement of the chromosomes during mitosis. Plant cells tend to have bigger vacuoles and they also have rigid cell walls. Both have nuclei to control the cell.

A. plasma.

B. platelets.

C. pinocytic red blood cells.

D. phagocytic white blood cells.

Phagocytic white blood cells engulf bacteria much like an ameba engulfs paramecium. They are involved in our second line of defense against harmful pathogens. The first line is protective barriers meant to prevent the pathogens from entering our body such as skin, tears, and mucus. If the phagocytes can't destroy all bacteria, then the third line of defense goes into action, namely our immune system, where antibodies are made to fight the invading pathogen.

A. Osmoreceptor.

B. Baroreceptors.

C. Reticular activating system.

D. Vasomotor center of the brain.

The reticular activating system is involved in the control of sleep, wakefulness, attentiveness, and behavior, but does not actively participate in regulating the volume of body fluids.

A. Lipids.

B. Antigens.

C. Antibodies.

D. Neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow the impulse to travel across the synapse or gap between two neurons. Antibodies are produced by white blood cells to fight infection, antigens are marker proteins that distinguish self cells from nonself cells, and lipids are a group of organic compounds including fats, oils, and waxes.

A. iron.

B. copper.

C. Vitamin A.

D. Vitamin K.

Vitamin A (also known as retinol) is converted in the retina to retinal. Retinal is a light-sensitive pigment, necessary for night vision.

A. NH₃

B. NaCl

C. Mg(OH)2

D. C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

Organic compounds have Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) and are part of, or produced by, or excreted by living organisms.

A. muscles.

B. flagella.

C. tentacles.

D. contractile vacuoles.

Flagella are whip like tails found in Euglena, single celled protists. Muscles and tentacles are multicelllular and so could not be found in protists, who are single celled. Contractile vacuoles are organelles found in some cells to regulate water balance and are not involved in locomotion.

A. Active transport.

B. Passive diffusion.

C. Facilitated diffusion.

D. All of the above.

All of the processes mentioned are involved in the absorption of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids, as well as minerals and vitamins.

A. Increased sweating.

B. Increased heart rate.

C. Constriction of pupils.

D. Increased blood pressure.

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate, sweating, and blood pressure and dilates the pupils of the eyes. Stimulation of the parasympathic nervous system produces opposite effects, that is, decreases the heart rate, sweating and blood pressure, as well as constriction of the pupils.

A. Progesterone.

B. Vasopressin.

C. Aldosterone.

D. None of the above.

Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum and acts with estradiol to regulate the estrous and menstrual cycles.

A. Lung.

B. Heart.

C. Liver.

D. Kidney.

The liver is the primary site of metabolism for the body and is responsible for detoxifying toxic agents in the blood. The lungs and kidneys both excrete these metabolized agents from the body.

A. contribute to new variations in organisms.

B. usually cause species of organisms to become extinct.

C. are usually beneficial to the organism in which they appear.

D. are usually related to the environment in which they appear.

Mutations, which usually happen randomly, increase variety in the offspring. It is this variety that allows species to survive in a changing environment.

A. Whales evolved from the human species.

B. Human species began life in the oceans.

C. Whales are older than the human species.

D. Human species and whales have a common ancestry.

Comparing structural similarities is called comparative anatomy. The more similar two different species body structures are, the closer the evolutionary link, and the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

A. A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes is diploid.

B. The nucleus of a cell contains DNA and is separated from the surrounding cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane.

C. The Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and the majority of chromatin are found in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus.

D. None of the above

Chromatin is composed of DNA and protein and is found primarily in the nucleus.

A. Transport.

B. Nutrition.

C. Hormonal regulation.

D. Anaerobic respiration.

The life function of nutrition can be performed by autotrophs, who make their own food (glucose) by processes of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, or by heterotrophs ,who must ingest, digest, and egest their preformed food (glucose). Heterotrophs can not make their own food.

A. skin

B. lungs

C. kidney

D. pancreas

Squamous epithelium is normally associated with body surfaces, as a form of protection (such as skin). Epithelium associated with the kidney, lungs, and pancreas is more suited for secretory functions and is columnar or cuboidal in nature.

A. 1 u.

B. 10 u.

C. 100 u.

D. 1000 u.

One millimeter (mm) is equal to 1000 microns or micrometers (um).

A. DNA and ATP.

B. chitin and starch.

C. proteins and lipids.

D. nucleotides and amino acids.

Singer proposed the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane in which the cell membrane consists of a double lipid layer with proteins embedded in it to act as name tags or to aid in movement of larger molecules across the membrane. DNA is the hereditary information stored in the nucleus and ATP is the energy capturing molecule found throughout the cell. Chitin and starch are large carbohydrates and nucleotides make up DNA while amino acids are the tiniest proteins.

A. Predator, carnivore, consumer.

B. Predator, autotroph, herbivore.

C. Producer, herbivore, decomposer.

D. Producer, carnivore, heterotroph.

Because the scorpion stalks, kills and eats its food, it is a predator. Because it eats a spider it is a carnivore. Because it ingests food it is a consumer. A producer is an autotroph which is an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances. A decomposer breaks down dead matter and a herbivore eats only plants.

A. carrier mother to pass the gene to her son.

B. carrier mother to pass the gene to her daughter.

C. hemophiliac father to pass the gene on to his son.

D. hemophiliac father to pass the gene to his daughter.

Only females give an X-chromosome to their sons, the males give the Y-chromosome. Therefore, it doesn't matter if the father is a hemophiliac or not in terms of his son, he can't give his defective gene to his son.

A. budding.

B. sporulation.

C. fertilization.

D. binary fission.

Fertilization is the union of a sperm and an egg cell, from 2 different organisms of the same species. Therefore, there is an increase in variety which might allow for the evolution of a new species through time. Binary fission, budding, and sporulation are all types of asexual reproduction which produces only identical offspring.

A. Meiosis.

B. Mitosis.

C. Hypnosis.

D. Karyokinesis.

Meiosis occurs during the formation of eggs or sperm, where a pair of cell divisions result in gametes with only half the number of chromosomes (haploid) as the other cells of the body. When two gametes unite in fertilization, the fusion of their nuclei reconstitutes the diploid number of chromosomes.

A. Water.

B. Glucose.

C. Oxygen gas.

D. Sodium chloride.

Organic means that the molecule contains carbon bonded to hydrogen. Only glucose, whose molecular formula is C6H12O6, has this. Although most cells also have an abundant amount of water (H2O) it is inorganic, as is sodium chloride (NaCl) and oxygen gas (O2).

A. Ultracentrifuge.

B. Electron microscope.

C. Dissecting microscope.

D. Microdissection instrument.

The dissecting microscope allows you to view 3D images up to 50x magnification. It is commonly used in dissections. The ultracentrifuge spins liquids and separates the contents by their density, microdissection instruments are used to manipulate microscopic organelles (such as transferring nuclei), and electron microscopes can magnify an image up to 250,000x and are used to see microscopic details.

A. GG x Gg

B. GG x GG

C. Gg x gg

D. gg x gg

If each parent contributes only one gene of its pair to the offspring, the parental genes of Gg x gg would produce the following offspring: Gg or gg. Gg would appear gray while gg would produce black fur. The first cross would produce only gray squirrels since one parent always gives a G, masking the g given by the other parent. The second cross only has G so all offspring would have to be gray, and the last cross would not produce any gray squirrels since there are no G.

A. Genus.

B. Species.

C. Phylum.

D. Kingdom.

Kingdom is the broadest category of which there are 5: Monera (bacteria and blue green alga), Protista (ameba, paramecium and alga), Fungi (mushrooms and yeast), Plants and Animals. All of these organisms are animals. The organisms are then broken up by phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

A. osmosis.

B. diffusion.

C. active transport.

D. passive transport.

Diffusion, passive transport and osmosis are examples of movement that does not require cellular energy. Since sodium ions are pumped against the concentration gradient, it requires work and is called active transport.

A. Saturated fatty acids contain one or more double carbon bonds.

B. Most fatty acids in nature have an even number of carbon atoms.

C. Fats yield approximately 50% as much energy as do carbohydrates in humans.

D. Most fats containing unsaturated fatty acids are solids at room temperature, whereas fats containing saturated fatty acids are liquids.

Saturated fats have all their carbon bonds saturated with hydrogen. Because of this, there are no double bonds. As the number of double bonds increases, the melting point of the fat decrease. Therefore, saturated fats are normally solids at room temperature, whereas unsaturated fats are liquids. Complete oxidation of 1 g. of fat yields about 9 calories, whereas 1 g. of carbohydrate yields about 4 calories.

A. mutations.

B. hybridization.

C. use and disuse.

D. natural selection.

Natural selection is the theory that living things evolve because nature selects the traits most suited in that environment and the organisms that possess these traits are more likely to survive, passing those traits on to their offspring.

A. Defective traits can be sex linked.

B. Outbreeding is the mating of two totally unrelated individuals.

C. Inbreeding is harmful and leads to the production of genetically inferior offspring.

D. Vigorous inbreeding can result in a high frequency of defects present at birth termed congenital anomalies.

Breeding between closely related individuals, commonly referred to as inbreeding, increases the proportion of homozygous individuals in a population, promoting the occurrence of double recessive traits of congenital anomalies. Some genetic disorders including muscular dystrophy and red-green color blindness are known to be sex-linked defective traits.

A. Biological membranes are primarily composed of protein with a small layer of lipid on both the inner and outer surfaces

B. Lipid-soluble compounds tend to diffuse through biological membranes faster than water-soluble ones

C. The rate at which lipid-soluble substances pass through biological membranes is determined by the size of the diffusing particle

D. All of the above

Since biological membranes are primarily a sandwich composed of a bimolecular layer of lipid with a layer of protein on both the inner and outer surfaces, lipid-soluble compounds diffuse through it faster than water-soluble compounds. For water-soluble compounds, the size of the molecule is the rate-limiting factor in diffusion.

A. contain identical DNA.

B. have the same number of mutations.

C. are evolving into the same species.

D. may have similar evolutionary histories.

Comparative biochemistry shows that the more similar two species DNA is, the more closely related they are, and the more recently they evolved separately. This is evidenced in the fact that humans and apes have more than 99% similar DNA sequences!

A. how plants reproduce asexually.

B. why some plants produce hemoglobin.

C. which plants might have a common ancestor.

D. how plants pass favorable traits to their offspring.

Comparative biochemistry is the field of biology that deals with comparing similarities among different species DNA and proteins produced from the DNA. The more similar two different species DNA is, the closer the evolutionary link, and the more recent the two species shared a common ancestor.

A. hydra.

B. earthworm.

C. maple tree.

D. paramecium.

The earthworm has a central nervous system which consists of a brain, although primitive, and a peripheral nervous system. Stimuli are detected by receptors on the surface of the skin of the worm, travel through neurons to the fused ganglia, or brain, for interpretation, and then back through neurons to effectors, which are muscles causing the worm to move. A paramecium is single celled and does not have a nervous system. Although a hydra is multi-cellular, it is too primitive of an animal to have specific nervous pathways, and a maple tree does not have nerves.

A. Ovule.

B. Petal.

C. Anther.

D. Stigma.

The ovule contains the egg cell which is formed by meiosis. The sperm cells move to the egg cell where fertilization occurs. The ovules are located in the ovary of the flower. The stigma collects pollen, the anther produces pollen and the petal attracts insects and birds to the nectar, who in turn place the pollen on the stigma.

A. transmit impulses.

B. produce blood cells.

C. produce lactic acid.

D. store nitrogenous wastes.

Our skeletal system functions to support us and give us shape, to act as an attachment for muscles, for leverage for muscles to contract, and to produce blood cells in the marrow, or inside of certain bones. The nervous system transmits impulses, muscle cells produce lactic acid during strenuous workouts, and nitrogenous wastes are stored in the urinary bladder.

A. 50% homozygous tall.

B. 100% homozygous tall.

C. 50% heterozygous tall.

D. 100% heterozygous tall.

When two heterozygous (hybrid) tall pea plants are crossed with genotypes of Tt, the resulting offspring will most likely be: 25% TT, 50% Tt, and 25% tt.

A. overproduction of auxins.

B. malfunction of the endocrine glands.

C. deterioration of the skeletal system.

D. oversecretion of the salivary glands.

The thyroid gland, located in the neck, is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. The hormone thyroxine regulates the rate of metabolism, or how fast or slow you perform life functions. Salivary glands produce enzymes to break down carbohydrates, auxins are the names of plant hormones, and the skeletal system allows us to move.

A. use of biocides.

B. preservation of species.

C. exploitation of species.

D. use of biological controls.

One positive thing humans are doing is trying to preserve species that may be endangered. Wildlife refuges (where hunting is not allowed) and game laws (that limit the number of organisms hunted) have both helped.

A. synthesize its food from inorganic compounds.

B. carry on photosynthesis instead of respiration.

C. feed upon carbohydrates produced by autotrophs.

D. feed upon available nutrients in the environment.

After the aggregates became so large, some developed the ability to ingest smaller organic molecules. This is heterotrophic nutrition. This set up competition as the seas became filled, so some developed the ability to change light energy into usable energy called glucose. This is autotrophic nutrition and according to the heterotroph hypothesis, autotrophic nutrition came after heterotrophic nutrition.

A. Isotonic

B. Hypotonic

C. Hypertonic

D. Iso-osmotic

Hypertonic solutions have a greater salt, or electrolyte, concentration than do red blood cells. Therefore, water leaves blood cells and enters the hypertonic solution, causing the red blood cells to shrink. Both isotonic and iso-osmotic solutions will have no effect on the red blood cells. A hypo-tonic solution will cause water to enter the red blood cells because of their higher electrolyte concentration and cause the cells to swell.

A. Yolk accumulation.

B. Chromosome pairing.

C. Polar body formation.

D. Unequal division of cytoplasm.

Early in meiosis sperm and egg cells replicate their homologous chromosomes then pair them up to be divided equally among the daughter cells. Polar body formation is due to unequal division of cytoplasm in egg cells only, and the one viable egg cell that remains accumulates a small amount of yolk.

A. Genes.

B. Nucleus.

C. Nucleolus.

D. Chromosomes.

The nucleus is the large dark spot in cells. Inside are the chromosomes (pieces of DNA) which contain genes (pieces of chromosomes which correspond to our traits), as well as nucleoli ( which are the sites of ribosome synthesis).

A. addition of water molecules to maltose.

B. removal of water molecules from maltose.

C. addition of carbon dioxide molecules to maltose.

D. removal of carbon dioxide molecules from maltose.

The process of hydrolysis, or digestion, involves adding water to split molecules apart. Maltose (C12H22O11) is split into 2 glucoses (C6H12O6) when water (H20) is added. Removing water would facilitate maltose getting larger, with the addition of another glucose. This is called dehydration synthesis. Carbon dioxide is not involved in these chemical processes.

A. A

B. B

C. D

D. K

Vitamins A,D,E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins. All the B vitamins, as well as Vitamin C, are water-soluble vitamins.

A. incubator.

B. centrifuge.

C. microscope.

D. triple beam balance.

To observe the small structures, it would be necessary to observe them with an increase in magnification.

A. producing chlorophyll for plants.

B. adding carbon dioxide to the environment.

C. manufacturing food from carbon dioxide and oxygen.

D. storing energy in the bonds of inorganic compounds.

Heterotrophs developed the ability to break down glucose, releasing the energy found within. In this process, carbon dioxide is released as a waste product. Autotrophs were able to use this waste gas in photosynthesis.

A. Oxygen.

B. Hydrogen.

C. Carbon dioxide.

D. Hydrochloric acid.

Heterotrophs must ingest, digest, and egest preformed organic matter. Autotrophs evolved from heterotrophs by developing a way to make their own organic food by changing water and carbon dioxide into glucose.

A. an allele.

B. a genotype.

C. a phenotype.

D. a chromosome.

A genotype is the actual genetic makeup that is expresses in a phenotype. An allele is a gene located at a specific location on corresponding homologous chromosomes.

A. Blood.

B. Oxygen.

C. Lactic acid.

D. Carbon dioxide.

During heavy exercise, glycogen in the muscle breaks down to lactic acid faster than lactic acid can be oxidized, resulting in lactic acid accumulation.

A. setae.

B. ganglia.

C. phloem tubes.

D. lungs and blood vessels.

The grasshopper takes in oxygen through openings called spiracles. Air then travels through a series of tracheal tubes and the exchange of gases occurs at tiny air sacs located throughout the body. Phloem tubes are food transporting tubes in plants, ganglia are bunches of nerve cells in earthworms and grasshoppers, and setae are locomotive structures used in the earthworm.

A. The rate of lymph flow is similar to that of the circulation

B. The lymphatic system plays an important role in the immune process

C. Lymph nodes produce one type of white blood cells, known as lymphocytes

D. The lymphatic system is an auxiliary system for return of fluid from the tissue spaces to the circulation

The rate of lymph flow is much slower (~100 ml./hr.) than blood flow (~5 liters/min.) in humans and most animal species.

A. Nucleus.

B. Cytoplasm.

C. Cell wall.

D. Hemoglobin.

The hemoglobin in the red blood cell has a high capacity for binding both oxygen and carbon dioxide. A lack of hemoglobin (anemia) results in a decreased capacity for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

A. Struggle for existence.

B. Punctuated equilibrium.

C. Survival of the fittest.

D. Overproduction of offspring.

Darwin's theory of natural selection states that species tend to overproduce due to limiting resources. This sets up competition or a struggle for existence. Those most fit in that environment are likely to survive, passing those favorable genes on to their offspring. In time, a new species evolves from the accumulation of favorable genes. Punctuated equilibrium is a theory that was formulated after Darwin's theory and it states that species remain relatively stable for long periods of time and then, due to some natural catastrophe, change rapidly in a short period of time.

A. Tubular secretion.

B. Tubular sublimation.

C. Tubular reabsorption.

D. Glomerular filtration.

The process by which the kidney removes most of the waste products from the blood by pure filtration through the glomerular membrane is known as glomerular filtration. Hydrogen ions undergo tubular secretion into the glomerular filtrate, whereas substances such as glucose, amino acids, and potassium ions are actively reabsorbed by the tubular membrane. Sublimation is a physical change from the solid directly to the gaseous state, and does not apply to the kidney or any other organ.

A. pesticides.

B. herbicides.

C. sex hormones.

D. wildlife refuges.

Attracting insects with their own sex hormones, or pheromones, and then trapping them is an example of a biological control because you use only a natural mechanism of attracting them. Pesticides are chemicals that kill insects and are not normally found in nature. Herbicides are chemicals that kill plants.

A. must be ingested.

B. function only within cells.

C. are products of cell synthesis.

D. do not contain the element nitrogen.

Enzymes and hormones must be made within cells, or synthesized (not ingested). They are large proteins so they, in fact, do contain nitrogen. They are secreted outside of the cells and are used in digestive organs (enzymes) or travel through the blood to affect other body parts (hormones).

A. ATP.

B. cellulose.

C. chlorophyll.

D. ethyl alcohol.

ATP is the molecule that stores energy made during respiration and all living organisms synthesize or make this from ADP. Cellulose is the large sugar that composes the cell walls of plants, ethyl alcohol is produced during anaerobic respiration by such organisms as yeast, and chlorophyll is the green pigment which is used to capture the suns energy in plants.

A. Heart.

B. Spleen.

C. Kidneys.

D. Pancreas.

The kidneys remove waste products from the human body.

A. Phagocytosis.

B. Active transport.

C. Passive diffusion.

D. Facilitated diffusion.

Saturation of the carrier with the transferring substance in active transport and facilitated diffusion will lead to saturation kinetics. In addition, phagocytosis also has a maximum rate of transfer. Passive diffusion does not have any of these restrictions and normally proceeds at a rate proportional to the amount of substance present for transfer.

A. CO₂, H₂0, and 36 ATP.

B. alcohol, CO₂, and 2 ATP.

C. alcohol, CO₂, and 36 ATP.

D. lactic acid, CO₂, and 2 ATP.

Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration that yeast perform in the absence of oxygen. Only 2 molecules of ATP are formed and much of the unused energy is in the alcohol.

A. zygote.

B. cotyledon.

C. polyploid cell.

D. monoploid cell.

A monoploid cell is a cell with half the normal number of chromosomes, these are gametes. Fusing two of these together restores the normal number of chromosomes in fertilization. A cotyledon is part of a seed and a polyploid cell is a cell with more than the normal number of chromosomes.

A. Type A, only.

B. Type O, only.

C. Both type A and type O.

D. Neither type A nor type O.

The man can give either his A or his O to his child. Same with the woman. The possible combinations of these include: AA, AO, or OO, which amount to blood types A, A, and O, respectively.

A. One cell without a nucleus.

B. Two cells, each without a nucleus.

C. Two cells, each with one nucleus.

D. One cell with two identical nuclei.

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus into two nuclei with identical sets of DNA. Cytokinesis, or cytoplasmic division, is when the cytoplasm and other organelles split in to, producing two new cells. If only mitosis occurred, you would get one cell with two identical nuclei.

A. increasing need for new antibiotics.

B. increasing number of individuals in the human population.

C. decreasing number of new fossils discovered in undisturbed rock layers.

D. decreasing activity of photosynthetic organisms due to warming of the atmosphere.

It is believed that certain pathogens have adapted to the antibodies that we have, becoming resistant. These species are actually evolving, or changing through time, to include the resistant gene for the antibiotics. Therefore the pathogens with the gene survive, and pass on the resistant gene, which causes it to increase.

A. the nervous system, only.

B. the endocrine system, only.

C. both the nervous and endocrine systems.

D. neither the nervous nor the endocrine system.

Homeostasis, maintaining a stable, internal environment, is controlled by nerves (in animals) and hormones, or chemical regulators in all living organisms.

A. chylomicrons

B. glycoproteins

C. free fatty acids

D. cholesterol esters

Long-chain (more than 10 carbons) of fatty acids normally enters the circulatory system by way of the lymphatic system, packaged as chylomicrons.

A. complex inorganic compounds.

B. high-energy inorganic compounds.

C. small, soluble organic molecules.

D. large, insoluble organic molecules.

Digestion involves breaking down organic compounds into smaller, soluble (able to be dissolved in water) organic molecules, such as glucose.

A. 75% normal males, 25% carrier females.

B. 50% colorblind males, 50% colorblind females.

C. 25% normal male, 25% colorblind males, 25% normal females, 25% carrier females.

D. 25% normal males, 25% colorblind males, 25% carrier females, 25% colorblind females.

A female carrier has one normal X chromosome and one defective X chromosome with respect to color blindness and a normal male has a normal X and a Y chromosome. A Punnett square reveals that 1 is the only choice.

A. hydrolysis.

B. pinocytosis.

C. active transport.

D. dehydration synthesis.

Proteins are large chains of amino acids combined by dehydration synthesis, where by molecules join by removing water. Hydrolysis breaks down proteins into amino acids. Pinocytosis is a method of ingesting large insoluble molecules, and is a form of active transport.

A. Reptiles.

B. Protozoans.

C. Arthropods.

D. Coelenterates.

Protozoans are a group of animal-like unicellular Protists. From unicellular organisms, multicellular organisms theoretically arose. Coelenterates, of which the Hydra and jellyfish belong, would be more advanced than protozoans but more primitive than arthropods, of which the grasshoppers belong. The reptiles are more advanced than the arthropods.

A. Brain.

B. Heart.

C. Liver.

D. Lungs.

The brain does not store glucose as glycogen and must receive all its energy from glucose in the blood. Thus, a rapid decrease in blood glucose immediately deprives the brain of the energy source it requires for normal function.

A. cannot be stained.

B. is larger than an organ.

C. is a substructure of a cell.

D. contains one specific type of tissue.

From small to large, the order is organelle, cell, tissue, organ.

A. Hormones usually provide instantaneous control of a bodily function.

B. Hormones can be derivatives of amino acids, fatty acids, or long peptides.

C. Neurohormones may pass down axons to the target organ in another part of the body.

D. Hormones can be secreted by one part of the body, pass through the blood, and act on a target organ in another part of the body.

The nervous system provides instantaneous control of a body function whereas hormones usually take a relatively long time (hours and days) to regulate a body function.

A. Fructose.

B. Glucose.

C. Glycogen.

D. Galactose.

Fructose, glucose, and galactose are all simple sugars derived from hydrolytic cleavage of polysaccharides and double sugars. These simple sugars are then readily absorbed from the digestive tract. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the different cells of the body.

A. careful microscopic examinations of genes and chromosomes.

B. breeding experiments with many generations of fruit flies.

C. analysis of the offspring produced from many pea plant crosses.

D. dissections to determine how fertilization occurs in pea plants.

Gregor Mendel used simple mathematics and kept careful records of his pea plant crossed to arrive at his conclusions. He did know about genes and did no dissections.

A. Albumin.

B. Globulin.

C. Fibrinogen.

D. Immunoglobin.

Albumin (~5 g./100 ml. of plasma) is approximately 2.5 times more abundant than globulin (2g. / 100 ml. of plasma). Fibrinogen and immunoglobulins are present in small amounts compared to albumin.

A. Color vision.

B. Peripheral vision.

C. Bright light vision.

D. All of the above.

The rods of the retina are responsible for the peripheral, achromatic, and poor detail vision. Central, color, and detail vision is a function of the cones of the retina.

A. bound to hemoglobin.

B. bound to plasma proteins.

C. dissolved in plasma water.

D. None of the above.

The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood depends largely on the amount of hemoglobin present in the red blood cell.

A. Meiosis.

B. Mitosis.

C. Synopsis.

D. Fertilization.

Mitosis, the method of asexual reproduction, involves one parent producing two identical daughter cells. Examples of asexual reproduction are budding, binary fission, sporulation, regeneration, and vegetative propagation.

A. phylum.

B. species.

C. community.

D. population.

A community is all of the living, or biotic, things in one place at one time. A population is just one species in one area at one time. A phylum is a subdivision of a kingdom.

A. can cause genetic changes to occur.

B. aids in the dispersal of the species.

C. prevents germination within the seed pod.

D. attracts insects that aid in pollination.

By forcefully ejecting their seeds, it ensures that they get scattered all over, and are hopefully carried by the wind to other appropriate locations to germinate.

A. equal distribution of auxin in the stem.

B. unequal distribution of auxin in the stem.

C. equal distribution of a neurotransmitter in the stem.

D. unequal distribution of a neurotransmitter in the stem.

The plant hormone, or auxin, is distributed on the side away from the light causing cells on that side to grow faster, which in turn, causes the plant to bend toward the light. If the distribution were equal, the plant would grow just upwards. Neurotransmitters are chemicals secreted by multicellular animals and are used in transmitting impulses in the nervous system.

A. Digestive enzymes are not used in the system.

B. The shape of the system eliminates the need for egestion.

C. Various parts of the system perform different digestive functions.

D. The shape of the system allows food to be processed by intracellular digestion.

The mouth is used for ingestion, the intestine for digestion, and the anus for egestion. Worms perform extracellular digestion because the food is digested outside of individual cells; food is digested within a tube. Enzymes are necessary for all chemical digestion.

A. four diploid cells.

B. four monoploid cells.

C. one monoploid cell, only.

D. one diploid cell, only.

Meiosis in a human male is called spermatogenesis. Four haploid (half the number of chromosomes as normal cells) sperm cells are made by the two cytoplasmic divisions, beginning with one diploid (normal number of chromosomes) cell. In human females, oogenesis only produces one larger haploid cell and three small polar bodies that die.

A. a zygote.

B. a gamete.

C. an egg cell.

D. a sperm cell.

A zygote is the fertilized egg, formed by the union of the sperm and egg cells. Each sex cell, or gamete, provides the new cell with half of the needed genetic material. This genetic material, the chromosomes, now completes the new cell (zygote) with homologous pairs.

A. All the time.

B. Only in the daytime.

C. Only during digestion.

D. Only in total darkness.

Respiration breaks down glucose, releasing the energy found within it. That energy is needed all the time for any living organism to perform life functions.

A. biotic factors.

B. abiotic factors.

C. symbiotic relationships.

D. carnivore-herbivore relationships.

Abiotic factors are nonliving factors in an ecosystem such as the amount of water, light, pH, temperature, etc. These are climatic conditions that control what plants can live there. Obviously, a seaweed can't live in the desert.

A. colon

B. stomach

C. small intestine

D. large intestine

The small intestine has the largest surface area and carries out most of the specialized transport mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract.

A. cell

B. gene

C. organ

D. organelle

The cell is the smallest unit of life that can survive independently.

A. O negative.

B. O positive.

C. AB negative.

D. AB positive.

O-negative blood, by definition contains no A, B, or Rh agglutinogens that would cause a transfusion reaction and possibly death for a blood recipient. Thus, O-negative blood can be given to any individuals of the four major blood types.

A. requires energy sources such as ATP.

B. can be inhibited by metabolic poisons such as cyanide.

C. causes a substance to move from a lower to a higher concentration.

D. is a major process by which uncharged molecules can move through membranes.

Passive diffusion of a substance requires no energy (ATP). Thus it will not be affected by a metabolic inhibitor (cyanide). As well, passive diffusion transfers uncharged (more lipid-soluble) molecules from a higher to a lower concentration.

A. urea.

B. water.

C. hemoglobin.

D. acetylcholine.

Hemoglobin acts like glue attaching oxygen to the surface of the red blood cell so it can be transported to needed cells throughout the body. Urea is the nitrogenous waste product filtered by the kidneys. Water provides much of the fluid needed to transport substances, but does not specifically bind to molecules, and acetylcholine is a specific type of neurotransmitter that allows impulses to travel from one nerve cell to another in the nervous system.

A. production of lactic acid.

B. combination of glucose molecules.

C. release of energy by hydrogen removal.

D. storage of energy in glycogen molecules.

Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of reaction. In this case, enzymes are necessary to break down glucose at a faster rate than would occur naturally, as glucose is a very stable molecule. By breaking the glucose molecule apart, energy is released when hydrogen atoms are taken off.

A. Geology.

B. Biochemistry.

C. Comparative anatomy.

D. Comparative cytology.

Comparative cytology is the field of study involving looking at similarities in different organisms cells. Biochemistry compares DNA and proteins made from DNA. Geology is the study of the earth.

A. Grafting and hybridization.

B. Regeneration and incubation.

C. Artificial selection and inbreeding.

D. Vegetative propagation and binary fission.

A chicken born without feathers was originally a mutation but farmers liked the idea since they wouldn't have to pluck them then. So when the non feathered chicken appeared they purposely bred it (called artificial selection) and when any non feathered offspring were bred together (inbreeding) to produce a whole new variety of chicken.

A. smooth

B. cardiac

C. skeletal

D. all muscle types contract at the same rate

Skeletal muscle fibers contract and relax in about 0.1 seconds. Cardiac muscle requires 1-5 seconds. Whereas smooth muscle needs more than 3 seconds to contract and relax.

A. sodium

B. calcium

C. potassium

D. magnesium

Sodium is the most abundant electrolyte in extra cellular fluid.

A. sodium

B. copper

C. calcium

D. potassium

Copper is considered a trace element that is necessary for the normal metabolism of the body. Sodium, potassium, and calcium are major elements vital to the healthy body.

A. Thyroxine.

B. Estradiol.

C. Testosterone.

D. Prostaglandins.

Thyroxine is an iodinated derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. Other hormones derived from amino acids include melatonin and epinephrine.

A. They are larger than egg cells.

B. They contain the monoploid number of chromosomes.

C. They are diploid as a result of mitotic division.

D. They are genetically identical to the primary sex cells.

When a primary sex cell undergoes meiosis, 4 unique monoploid cells are formed. Sperm cells are much smaller than egg cells, although they both go through the process of meiosis, because all 4 sperm cells divide equally and are viable, while egg cells divide unequally, leaving the smaller polar bodies to die.

A. Increased respiratory rate.

B. Increase in the size of muscle fibers.

C. Increase in the number of muscle fibers.

D. A and B.

Intense exercise and training of an athlete can result in a decreased respiratory rate and an increase in the size in muscle fibers. However, there will be no increase in the number of muscle fibers, since this does not change after birth.

A. sodium

B. calcium

C. potassium

D. magnesium

Potassium is the most abundant electrolyte inside the cell (intracellular fluid).

A. Appendix.

B. Wisdom teeth.

C. Pupils of the eyes.

D. Coccygeal vertebrae.

The appendix, wisdom teeth, and coccygeal vertebrae (tail bone) serve no useful purpose in humans. The pupils of the eyes are necessary for sight.

A. Shrubs.

B. Weeds.

C. Lichens.

D. Pioneer trees.

A lichen is an example of a pioneer organism, one of the first organisms to inhabit an area. Succession on land usually starts with lichen on bare rock, which will build up soil, allowing weeds to grow. The weeds soon get crowded out by the shrubs, which then get overpowered by the trees.

A. Invertebrate animals have more undifferentiated cells than vertebrate animals have.

B. Invertebrate animals reproduce asexually, but vertebrate animals reproduce sexually.

C. Invertebrates contain specialized cells that produce the hormones necessary for this process.

D. Invertebrate cells exhibit a higher degree of uncontrolled cell division than vertebrate cells do.

Invertebrates, animals without a backbone such as an earthworm, are simpler than vertebrates such as a human. Therefore, their cells are not as complex and they may be able to regenerate or grow lost body parts easier than a more complex animal.

A. 1:3

B. 1:4

C. 3:1

D. 4:1

Four viable sperm cells are produced from one primary sex cell, whereby only one viable egg cell is produced, due to the unequal division of cytoplasm and the formation of polar bodies, which wither and die.

A. dominance.

B. multiple alleles.

C. incomplete dominance.

D. independent assortment.

Independent assortment is the principle that states that genes located on different homologous chromosomes will be distributed independently of each other. This allows for greater variety in the offspring.

A. speciation.

B. gradualism.

C. geographic isolation.

D. punctuated equilibrium.

Gradualism means that species evolve gradually, punctuated equilibrium means that species remain stable for long periods of time and then, due to a large environmental change, change rapidly in response. Both theories are supported by the fossil record.

A. Natural immunity.

B. Cellular immunity.

C. Actively acquired immunity.

D. Passively acquired immunity.

Actively acquired immunity depends upon the production of specific proteins, antibodies, the are released into the blood and tissue fluids in response to some foreign protein (an antigen) or vaccine.

A. meiosis.

B. cleavage.

C. fertilization.

D. parthenogenesis.

Cleavage is a series of mitotic cell divisions where there is no increase in cell size, just cell numbers. This is how organisms grow. Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg to make a zygote. Meiosis is the process whereby the sperm and egg form. Parthenogenesis is a unique process whereby unfertilized eggs develop into new organisms, and is commonly found among insects.

A. AO x BB

B. AA x BO

C. AB x OO

D. AO x BO

To get a child with blood type O, each parent must contribute the recessive blood type allele, O, as indicated in the forth cross.

A. larger and in a darker field of view.

B. smaller and in a darker field of view.

C. larger and in a brighter field of view.

D. smaller and in a brighter field of view.

As you increase magnification from low to high power, the image gets larger and because the lens is bigger, less light is allowed in under high power. Therefore, under low power the image is smaller but brighter.

A. 100 mV.

B. 50 mV.

C. "-50 mV."

D. "-100 mV."

The normal resting potential of -50 MC is established by the sodium-potassium pump of the cell. This results in a high extracellular sodium concentration (~142 mEq / liter) and a high intracellular potassium concentration (A~141 mE~/liter).

A. Urea.

B. Glucose.

C. Creatinine.

D. All of the above.

Urea and creatinine normally pass through the kidney in the glomerular filtrate. Meanwhile, normally all the glucose in the glomerular filtrate is actively reabsorbed by the kidney in the normal individual.

A. water.

B. glucose.

C. chlorophyll.

D. carbon dioxide.

In photosynthesis, the suns energy is captured by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts in plant leaves. This energy is used to split water apart in a process called photolysis. The hydrogen from the split is used, along with the energy derived from splitting the hydrogen off the water molecule, to combine with carbon dioxide to form PGAL. PGAL's combine to form glucose, which is why photosynthesis occurs. The oxygen that was split from the water molecule is released. By tagging the oxygen from the water, scientists can trace its' path.

A. release of oxygen into the lymph.

B. filtering of glucose from the lymph.

C. filtering of bacteria from the lymph.

D. release of carbon dioxide into the lymph.

The lymphatic system not only regulates fluid amounts in the blood but also helps to fight infection. The lymph nodes located throughout our bodies, produce white blood cells and filter harmful bacteria, which is why they tend to enlarge when we have an infection.

A. Motile gametes.

B. External development.

C. Internal fertilization.

D. External fertilization.

Most vertebrate animals that live on land have an adaptation that allows internal fertilization, whereby the male penis inserts sperm directly in the female body. This is advantageous since sperm need liquid to swim and the moist female reproductive tract provides this. Aquatic vertebrate animals live in water so sperm can easily be deposited in the water and swim to the female reproductive tract.

A. Carbon.

B. Oxygen.

C. Hydrogen.

D. Calcium.

About 56% of the adult human body is water (H²O, with the rest of the body being primarily composed of organic molecules containing carbon. Thus using the process of elimination, calcium would be the least abundant in the human body.

A. the amount of helium gas in the air.

B. the rate of flow of water in a river.

C. the type of climate in a given region.

D. the carnivores that consume other animals.

Biotic means living. The only living factor of the choices given is the carnivore. Abiotic factors, or nonliving factors, are represented by the other choices.

A. directs the production of enzymes.

B. is the major component of cytoplasm.

C. is a structural component of cell walls.

D. directly increases the solubility of nutrients.

Enzymes are necessary for most chemical reactions that occur in our bodies. DNA controls the production of proteins, of which enzymes are an example of, in a process called protein synthesis.

A. Setae.

B. Spindles.

C. Chromosomes.

D. Centromeres.

Asexual reproduction if performed by mitosis. The centromeres are cylindrical organelles found in animal cells to direct the movement of the chromosomes to the poles, the spindles act as tracks for the chromosomes to travel along, and the chromosomes are the pieces of DNA that are separating and moving to opposite poles to make two new cells. Setae are hair like bristles found on the segments of an earthworm to aid in locomotion.

A. 44 + XY

B. 44 + XX

C. 22 + Y

D. 22 + X

A sex cell contains half the number of chromosomes so that when it combines with another sex cell, the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes is restored. Autosomes are all of the chromosomes found in a cell except for the sex cells. A normal female body cell contains 44 autosomes and two X-chromosomes. A normal female sex cell contains half of that.

A. Sodium influx into the cell.

B. Sodium efflux out of the cell.

C. Potassium influx into the cell.

D. Potassium efflux out of the cell.

A large efflux of potassium (K+) our of the cell results in a fall in electrical potential within the cell. Potassium, in high concentration intracellularly, easily leaves the cell, whereas sodium in high concentration extracellulary, will not diffuse out of the cell rapidly.

A. maintenance of homeostasis.

B. an acquired characteristic.

C. an antigen-antibody reaction.

D. environmental factors affecting phenotype.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable, internal environment. In trying to keep a body temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, if your body heats up due to exercise, sweating cools your body temperature by allowing heat to escape through your pores when the sweat evaporates.

A. Transport.

B. Synthesis.

C. Respiration.

D. Reproduction.

Synthesis means building up molecules, reproduction involves making new individuals, and respiration is the process of obtaining energy stored within food. Transport involves getting materials to and from cells or organisms and moving them within the cell or organism.

A. Water and salts.

B. Proteins and water.

C. Nucleic acids and proteins.

D. Nucleic acids and minerals.

Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen bonds. Both nucleic acids and proteins contain these. Water (H2O) and salts (ex: NaCl) do not.

A. segregation.

B. crossing-over.

C. hybridization.

D. nondisjunction.

Nondisjunction is the result of the paired homologous chromosomes separating unequally during meiosis. So instead of one of a particular chromosome going to each of the 4 resulting sex cells, one cell gets two chromosomes of that type. Then during fertilization that zygote gets three of that particular chromosome instead of the normal two, resulting in one extra chromosome. That zygote then undergoes mitosis, resulting in all of that organism’s cells containing one extra chromosome.

A. materials cycles.

B. pioneer organisms.

C. more animals than plants.

D. equal numbers of plants and animals.

If an ecosystem is to be self-sustaining, materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen must be able to recycle between the organisms.

A. Alcohol.

B. Glycogen.

C. Lactic acid.

D. Carbon dioxide.

Lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration in humans. It is converted back to pyruvic acid when oxygen is again present. Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate and is the form we store our sugar in our liver, carbon dioxide is produced during anaerobic activity but also during aerobic activity, and alcohol is a waste product of anaerobic activity of certain organisms such as yeast, not humans.

A. Sexual reproduction.

B. Autotrophic nutrition.

C. Extracellular digestion.

D. Heterotrophic nutrition.

Cilia are hair-like bristles on a Paramecium used in locomotion to find food. An oral groove is a mouth for a Paramecium, and food vacuoles store food in the cell body of the Paramecium. All of these are cell organelles used to ingest, digest, and egest preformed food, which is heterotrophic nutrition. An autotroph can make its' own food using chloroplasts.

A. Fermentation.

B. Photosynthesis.

C. Aerobic respiration.

D. Dehydration synthesis.

Photosynthesis is the process of making organic food (glucose) by combining the hydrogen from water with carbon dioxide. The oxygen from splitting water is released into the atmosphere. Aerobic respiration takes in the oxygen from the atmosphere, dehydration synthesis is a mechanism of building up molecules by removing water, not oxygen, and fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration which is done in the absence of oxygen.

A. metaphase, prophase, anaphase, and telophase

B. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase

C. prophase, metaphase, telophase, and anaphase

D. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Each mitotic division is a continuous process, with each stage merging imperceptibly into the next. For descriptive purposes, mitosis is divided into four successive stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

A. a biome.

B. a community.

C. a population.

D. the biosphere.

The biosphere is the largest organizational grouping in ecology, it includes everyplace life is found on Earth. A population is all of 1 species in 1 area at 1 time, a community is all of the species in 1 area at 1 time, and a biome is a specific climax community established by the climate, which controls the plants living there, which in turn, control the animals living there.

A. liver.

B. alveoli.

C. trachea.

D. kidneys.

The air sacs in the lungs are called alveoli. They are the respiratory surface of humans where the exchange of oxygen from the air is exchanged with carbon dioxide from the blood.

A. They contain chlorophyll.

B. They reproduce by mitosis.

C. They contain genetic material.

D. They are made up of many specialized cells.

Although viruses contain genetic material, they can not reproduce without being inside of a host cell. Many scientists question if they can be considered living or not, as this is the only life function they are capable of performing.

A. Urea.

B. Bile.

C. Red blood cells.

D. Striated muscle cells.

Red blood cells and some white blood cells are produced in the marrow of long bones in our bodies. Muscle cells attach to the outside of bone to allow locomotion. Bile and urea are both produced in the liver.

A. glucose.

B. amino acids.

C. fatty acids.

D. nucleotides.

DNA is composed of nucleotides which contain a phosphate group, a sugar called deoxyribose, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine).

A. genotype.

B. phenotype.

C. recessive trait.

D. heterozygous trait.

The physical appearance of any individual with respect to a given inherited trait is known as his or her phenotype.

A. hormones.

B. neurohumors.

C. gastric juice.

D. lachrymal fluid.

Hormones are chemical regulators that control many activities in animals, including metamorphosis of tadpoles into frogs and caterpillars into butterflies.

A. Genus.

B. Phylum.

C. Kingdom.

D. Species.

In the modern classification system, all living things are divided into 5 kingdoms. Each of these kingdoms is then further subdivided into phylums, classes, orders, families, geneses and species. The kingdoms are the broadest division while the species is the narrowest division, that is, organisms in the same kingdom may be very different from each other, but in the same species, organisms will be very similar.

A. fission.

B. ovulation.

C. regeneration.

D. nondisjunction.

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction whereby a cell (such as an Ameba) replicates its DNA and splits its DNA and cytoplasm equally. Regeneration is also a type of asexual reproduction but is performed by simple multicellular animals such as lobsters and flatworms. Ovulation is the release of an egg to be used in sexual reproduction and nondisjunction is when the chromosomes split unequally in sexual reproduction.

A. It contains very large anthers.

B. It contains many sepals and petals.

C. It contains a large number of ovules.

D. It contains a large number of stamens.

Ovules are the female gametes, or eggs, in plants. If many seeds are produced than many eggs were present to be fertilized. Sepals and petals are used to protect the flower and attract insects and birds for pollination, anthers are the male reproductive organs that produce pollen, or plant sperm, and stamens are the whole male reproductive organs that include the anther and the filament to hold up the anther.

A. Mutualism.

B. Parasitism.

C. Commensalism.

D. Protocooperation.

Beneficial associations or interactions between two species of animals include commensalism, mutualism and predation.

A. the necessity of light for transpiration.

B. an inability to synthesize chemical regulators.

C. an unequal auxin distribution in their stems.

D. the increased amount of food synthesized by their leaves.

Plant hormones, auxins, are produced in the meristematic regions of the plant, one of which is the tips of the stems. These auxins initiate growth in the plant. If the sunlight is normally found directly above the plant, the auxins are distributed evenly and the plant grows upwards. If, however, the light is found more on one side of the plant, the auxins are produced unevenly. More auxin will be produced on the side away from the light. Then the plant on that side will grow more, causing it to bend, or grow, towards the light.

A. Myelin sheaths usually decrease the rate of conduction.

B. The rate of conduction increases as the diameter of the axon increases.

C. The rate of conduction is faster in smaller nerve fibers than in larger ones.

D. All the above.

The rate of conduction increases as the diameter of the axon increases because there is less resistance to the action potential. Thus, larger nerve fibers have a faster rate of conduction than smaller ones.

A. Water is released.

B. Oxygen is released.

C. Nitrogen is absorbed.

D. Phosphorus is absorbed.

Dehydration synthesis is the process of building up molecules by removing water. A hydroxyl molecule (-OH) is broken off one organic molecule and a hydrogen atom (H) is removed from the other organic molecule. These combine to form water (H2O), a waste molecule. The two organic molecules are now unstable and bond to each other.

A. liver

B. bone

C. brain

D. skeletal muscle

Under basal conditions, the liver receives about 35% of the total cardiac output, whereas the brain and skeletal muscle receive about 15%. The bone is relatively nonvascularized and receives on 5% of the total blood flow.

A. Pellagra.

B. Beriberi.

C. Hypertension.

D. Sickle-cell anemia.

Sickle-cell anemia is a condition where homozygous recessive genes are necessary for full development of the disease. If an individual has heterozygous recessive genes for the disease, that individual only shows sickle-cell trait, but not the fully developed disease.

A. a vein.

B. an artery.

C. a lacteal.

D. a capillary.

Arteries are under much greater pressure than veins because they are carrying blood away from the heart which is the pumping machine to force blood to move to all of the body. Every time the hear contracts, it can be felt in an artery where a surge of blood has just been forced. A capillary is too small to feel a pulse and a lacteal is part of the lymphatic system found in the small intestine.

A. Contraction, latent, relaxation, refractory.

B. Refractory, contraction, latent, relaxation.

C. Latent, contraction, relaxation, refractory.

D. Latent, refractory, contraction, relaxation.

A single muscle twitch is caused by an initiating action potential; however, there is a latent period after the generation of the action potential and initiation of the muscle twitch. After the latent period, the muscle contracts and then relaxes, followed by a refractory period in which the muscle will not respond to another action potential.

A. It controls the voluntary movements of muscles in the limbs.

B. It is composed of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

C. Motor impulses reach the effector organ from the brain or spinal cord by a single neuron.

D. All of the above.

The autonomic nervous system, composed of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, is responsible for the involuntary activities of the body. Motor impulses reach the effector organ from the brain or spinal cord through a series of motor neurons comprising the corticospinal (pyramidal) and extracorticospinal (extrapyramidial).

A. Axon.

B. Nerve.

C. Neuron.

D. Dendrite.

The axon and dendrites are components of the neuron. The dendrites constitute that part of the neuron specialized for receiving excitation, whereas the axon is the part specialized to distribute or conduct excitation away from the dendritic zone.

A. Bb

B. BC

C. bb

D. bc

We all possess 2 genes for every trait that are located on homologous chromosomes. A homozygous genotype means that an individual has the same genes for a particular trait on the homologous chromosomes. We represent genes as letters and for any one trait we must use the same letter, a capital letter meaning the dominant gene while a lower case letter meaning a recessive gene.

A. genus.

B. species.

C. community.

D. population.

A community is all of the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time. A population is all of one species in one area at one time. A species is a group of organisms that look alike and can breed among themselves and a genus is a broader division of classification.

A. mutagenic agents.

B. natural selection.

C. the disuse of body structures.

D. the transmission of acquired characteristics.

Natural selection means that nature determines what traits are favorable and it is those traits that get passed on to offspring and increase. Disuse of body structures and acquired characteristics are characteristic of LaMarcks theory of evolution, which has been disproved. Mutagenic agents increase the rate variation but Darwin did not understand about mutations when developing his theory.

A. The nucleus

B. The mitochondria

C. The golgi apparatus

D. The endoplasmic reticulum

The mitochondria is the primary source of energy for the aerobic cell.

A. Water.

B. Feces.

C. Uric acid.

D. Carbon dioxide.

The four metabolic waste products are water, carbon dioxide, salts, and nitrogenous wastes. Water is necessary for many chemical reactions including hydrolysis but it is a waste product of dehydration synthesis occurring in the cells.

A. an end-product.

B. a raw material.

C. an energy converter.

D. a hydrogen acceptor.

Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures light energy and transfers it into usable energy in plants.

A. centriole.

B. centromere.

C. centrosome.

D. cell plate.

The centromere appears as a spot that holds the doubled chromosomes together and attached them to the spindle. The centrioles are the cell organelles, found in animal cells, that direct the movement of the chromosomes towards the poles. The cell plate forms in plant cells with rigid cell walls which can't pinch in to separate the two newly formed cells.

A. Starling's law.

B. The Watson-Crick model.

C. Mendel's law of segregation.

D. The theory of recapitulation.

Mendel's first law, called the law of segregation, states that genes exist in individuals as pairs.

A. water loss.

B. surface area.

C. food production.

D. fungus resistance.

The cuticle is the waxy covering on the surface of a leaf that prevents water from evaporating. It does not change the size, or surface area of the leaf. Food production might actually decrease without a cuticle since water is necessary for photosynthesis. The cuticle may also help to resist fungus' so by removing it you would be decreasing the fungus resistance.

A. cyclosis.

B. synthesis.

C. hydrolysis.

D. pinocytosis.

Pinocytosis, or pinching in of the cell membrane, allows cells, such as the Paramecium, to capture larger food molecules. Hydrolysis is the process of using water to split molecules apart. Cyclosis is a mechanism for transporting materials within a cell, by the cytoplasm swirling. Synthesis is the process of building up molecules within the cell.

A. synapses and disjunction.

B. overpopulation and recombination.

C. mitosis and asexual reproduction.

D. mutations and sexual reproduction.

Mutations increase variety in a species and sexual reproduction increases variety because of crossing over, two different parents combining genes, and because of the way the chromosomes line up at the equator during metaphase I of meiosis.

A. The Earnshaw's

B. The Linton's

C. The Robinson's

D. The Rochester's

Anne became the governess for the Robinson's family

A. Acton Bell

B. Ellis Bell

C. George Eliot

D. Mary Shelley

Anne used the pseudonym Acton Bell

A. Agnes Grey

B. Emma

C. Gondal

D. Wuthering Heights

Agnes Grey was Anne's first published novel

A. Her sisters and brother

B. The imaginary world 'Angria'

C. Her parents

D. The imaginary world 'Gondal'

The subject of most of Anne's first stories and poems was about the imaginary world 'Gondal'

A. Seamstress

B. Governess

C. Shepherdess

D. Milkmaid

Anne became a governess after she finished school

A. Haworth

B. Thornfield

C. Wildfell

D. Wuthering

Anne grow up in Haworth

A. She died of cancer

B. She became a governess for another family

C. She abandoned her family

D. She died of influenza

Anne's mother died of cancer

A. He was a Baron

B. He was a Clergyman

C. He was a Crofter

D. He was a Tailor

Anne's father was a Clergyman

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Anne had four sisters: Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte and Emily.

A. 17th

B. 18th

C. 19th

D. 20th

Anne Bronte lived in the 18th century

A. Influenza

B. Tuberculosis

C. Scurvy

D. Causes unknown

Edgar Allen Poe died on October 7, 1849 from causes unknown

A. 1843

B. 1844

C. 1845

D. 1846

Edgar Allen Poe's infamous poem "The Raven" was published in 1845

A. Haiku

B. Bedtime stories

C. Slashing reviews

D. Romantic novels

Poe was well known not only for his sensational tales but also for his slashing reviews

A. Philadelphia Saturday Courier

B. Southern Literary Messenger

C. Graham's Magazine

D. Gentleman's Quarterly

From 1835-1837 Poe edited the Southern Literary Messenger

A. Edgar Allan Poe's wife

B. Edgar Allan Poe's cousin

C. Both

D. Neither

Virginia Clemm was both Edgar Allan Poe's wife and cousin.

A. Al Araaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems

B. Tamerlane and Other Poems

C. Tamerlane, Al Araaf, Minor Poems

D. Minor Poems of Tamerlane

Edgar Allen Poe's second book of poetry was: Al Araaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems

A. An imaginary friend of Poe’s from his childhood.

B. A friend of Poe's in the Army.

C. The name Poe used when enlisting in the Army.

D. Maria Poe Clemm's uncle.

When Edgar Allan Poe enlisted in the army, he used the name Edgar A. Perry

A. His foster father, Mr. Allan, did not give him the money needed for expenses.

B. He enlisted in the Army.

C. He was failing out of school.

D. He had been expelled for taking illegal drugs.

His foster father, Mr. Allan, did not give him the money needed for expenses.

A. Seamstress

B. Actress

C. Playwright

D. Psychic

His mother was: An actress

A. 1889

B. 1909

C. 1809

D. 1898

Edgar Alllan Poe was born in 1809

A. A dog barking

B. The wind blowing

C. A log shifting

D. Thunder

In the 23rd line:
'And slept. The log that shifted with a jolt'

A. Stopping to watch the snow

B. Stopping in the woods

C. Stopping without being close to a farm house

D. Stopping by the lake

In the second line of the second stanza:
'To stop without a farmhouse near'

A. Babylon

B. Bethlehem

C. Eden

D. Jericho

In the sixth line:
'So Eden sank to grief,'

A. morning

B. dawn

C. afternoon

D. evening

In the first line of the third stanza:
"And both that morning equally lay"

A. Easter

B. April fools

C. Christmas

D. Lent

Christmas is being celebrated in 'To a Young Wretch'.

A. Maple

B. Birch

C. Poplar

D. Palm

The poem 'Wild Grapes' is about a Birch tree.

A. A book

B. A can of soup

C. A telescope

D. A tire

The farmer bought a telescope with the insurance money he received after burning down his house

A. A Boy's Will.

B. A Further Range

C. A Witness Tree

D. Mountain Interval

A Boy's Will was Robert Frost's first published book and was published by David Nutt's Widow.

A. 1818

B. 1869

C. 1874

D. 1999

Rober Frost was born on March 26, 1874

A. Blue

B. Yellow

C. Green

D. Red

The wood was yellow